Visible light (VIS), ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), and infrared (IR) photography reveal details not visible to the naked eye. UVF can reveal old varnish and retouching, while IR can reveal underdrawing beneath the paint layer.

Identifies the chemical elements present in pigments, metals, and glazes without sampling. Useful for material analysis, authentication, and selecting appropriate treatments.

Identifies binders, varnishes, resins, adhesives, fibers, and plastics from a tiny sample or direct surface reading.

Reveals what lies beneath the surface, including earlier compositions, panel joins, nails, structural repairs, and areas of loss.

Builds a 3D model of the interior of sculptures, objects, and wooden supports, revealing hidden damage, internal structures, and previous interventions.

Magnified examination of surfaces and paint cross-sections, revealing layer structure, thickness, damage, and previous repairs.